State of New York. There are victims of such practices, they increase systemic risk to all stakeholders.
If a lender gave Trump more favorable terms such as a lower interest rate because they thought his assets were more valuable than they actually were in case they had to go after those assets the lender is being defrauded.1 or 2 percentage points on 10s or 100's of millions of loans is a lot of money.If the lender had to seize Trump assets and they were worth less than Trump stated the lender has been defrauded. Of course Trump undervalued properties for tax purposes thus defrauding the state of tax revenue.
For real estate you inflate the value and claim more depreciation expenses, hence defrauding the income tax, that is the core issue. For private lenders, no one cares if they gave out cheaper terms. The mortgage is going to CMBS regardless.
No bank, or other borrower indicated that they were defrauded. In fact, the banks testified that they were not defrauded. It is up to the bank to determine the value of a property, not the borrower. As for the property tax issue, it is the responsibility of the taxing authority to assess the value of the property, not the property owner. Thus, there is no fraud here committed by Trump. I'm not surprised by the ridiculous ruling, rather I expected it. I look for it to be overturned.
Victim or not it's still against the law. Consider illegal immigration... the immigrant typically adds more to the common good than they take, so there is no victim, yet the immigration is still illegal.
Your analogy is ridiculous and is a convenient side step of the Trump "fraud" ruling.By the way, using your logic, the illegal immigrants each now need to pay 355 million dollars.