NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth-Size, Habitable-Zone Planets Around Single Star

fordewind · Apr 25, 2017

Our perception is limited by the speed of light.How many millions lght years those planet are away?They could potentially be already dead.No way we`ll ever figure them out.

OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

But nobody knows the speed when a technological new equipment could be moving in the unknown world consisting of dark energy/matter yet.

fordewind · Apr 25, 2017

OddTrader said:
But nobody knows the speed when a technological new equipment could be moving in the unknown world consisting of dark energy/matter yet.
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V1 Has Traversed Over 11 BILLION Miles
To put this number in perspective, 11 billion miles is the equivalent of circling the Earth 440,000 times. And yet, in terms of light-years, the unit to measure space that is marked by how far light can travel in a year, V1 hasn't even left the neighborhood. It will take 40,000 years for V1 to reach only two light-years distance from the sun. As large as 11 billion is, space is infinitely bigger.

https://mic.com/articles/54035/9-mind-blowing-facts-about-voyager-1#.sWZMScSj0

fordewind · Apr 25, 2017

It`s a kindergarten stuf...

OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

fordewind said:
V1 Has Traversed Over 11 BILLION Miles
To put this number in perspective, 11 billion miles is the equivalent of circling the Earth 440,000 times. And yet, in terms of light-years, the unit to measure space that is marked by how far light can travel in a year, V1 hasn't even left the neighborhood. It will take 40,000 years for V1 to reach only two light-years distance from the sun. As large as 11 billion is, space is infinitely bigger.

https://mic.com/articles/54035/9-mind-blowing-facts-about-voyager-1#.sWZMScSj0
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How could our planet earth, with huge mass, be moved to so far away from the source and the moment of creating it?

What was the source of creating earth?

What was the source of this source that created earth?

If the ultimate origin source of our earth can be traced and identified, it should be very far far away from our earth. What was the force and power moved earth away from the origin source, and at what speed, potentially?

Could it be possible that this moving speed of moving earth in the space, consisting full of dark energy/matter, is limited by the light speed?

Can we imagine moving the huge mass of earth in the speed of light for such as long distance a scientific possibility of today's technology? ... ...

I really don't know! LOL

What do we know about the origin of the earth's oceans? Is it more ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/.../what-do-we-know-about-the/ - Cached
"The origin of the oceans goes back to the time of the earth's formation 4. 6 billion years ... There are basically three possible sources for the water. It could have ....
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fordewind · Apr 25, 2017

OddTrader said:
How could our planet earth, with huge mass, be moved to so far away from the source and the moment of creating it?

What was the source of creating earth?

What was the source of this source that created earth?

If the ultimate origin source of our earth can be traced and identified, it should be very far far away from our earth. What was the force and power moved earth away from the origin source, and at what speed, potentially?

Could it be possible that this moving speed of moving earth in the space, consisting full of dark energy/matter, is limited by the light speed?

Can we imagine moving the huge mass of earth in the speed of light for such as long distance a scientific possibility of today's technology? ... ...

I really don't know! LOL
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Rumors suggest that it was being built billions of years.For those who`s built it time and distance probably don`t matter.Our bodies were being gradually developed for 5 mln years.It`s almost perfect!LOL...

OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

fordewind said:
Rumors suggest that it was being built billions of years.For those who`s built it time and distance probably don`t matter.Our bodies were being gradually developed for 5 mln years.It`s almost perfect!LOL...
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Sorry, I don't follow what exact meaning above.

Any further details or links for the source of rumors?

Furthermore, if we don't even understand the dark/energy/matter well enough, how could we now know there will be nothing we could do with our future technology, that might or might not be limited by light speed?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

It is generally assumed that fundamental constants such as c have the same value throughout spacetime, meaning that they do not depend on location and do not vary with time. However, it has been suggested in various theories that the speed of light may have changed over time.[28][29] No conclusive evidence for such changes has been found, but they remain the subject of ongoing research.[30][31]

It also is generally assumed that the speed of light is isotropic, meaning that it has the same value regardless of the direction in which it is measured. Observations of the emissions from nuclear energy levels as a function of the orientation of the emitting nuclei in a magnetic field (see Hughes–Drever experiment), and of rotating optical resonators (see Resonator experiments) have put stringent limits on the possible two-way anisotropy.[32][33]

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Faster-than-light observations and experiments

Main article: Faster-than-light
Further information: Superluminal motion

There are situations in which it may seem that matter, energy, or information travels at speeds greater than c, but they do not. For example, as is discussed in the propagation of light in a medium section below, many wave velocities can exceed c. For example, the phase velocity of X-rays through most glasses can routinely exceed c,[40] but phase velocity does not determine the velocity at which waves convey information.[41]

If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object, the spot of light can move faster than c, although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed c. However, the only physical entities that are moving are the laser and its emitted light, which travels at the speed c from the laser to the various positions of the spot. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move faster than c, after a delay in time.[42] In neither case does any matter, energy, or information travel faster than light.[43]

The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference with respect to which both are moving (their closing speed) may have a value in excess of c. However, this does not represent the speed of any single object as measured in a single inertial frame.[43]

Certain quantum effects appear to be transmitted instantaneously and therefore faster than c, as in the EPR paradox. An example involves the quantum states of two particles that can be entangled. Until either of the particles is observed, they exist in a superposition of two quantum states. If the particles are separated and one particle's quantum state is observed, the other particle's quantum state is determined instantaneously (i.e., faster than light could travel from one particle to the other). However, it is impossible to control which quantum state the first particle will take on when it is observed, so information cannot be transmitted in this manner.[43][44]

Another quantum effect that predicts the occurrence of faster-than-light speeds is called the Hartman effect; under certain conditions the time needed for a virtual particle to tunnel through a barrier is constant, regardless of the thickness of the barrier.[45][46] This could result in a virtual particle crossing a large gap faster-than-light. However, no information can be sent using this effect.[47]

So-called superluminal motion is seen in certain astronomical objects,[48] such as the relativistic jets of radio galaxies and quasars. However, these jets are not moving at speeds in excess of the speed of light: the apparent superluminal motion is a projection effect caused by objects moving near the speed of light and approaching Earth at a small angle to the line of sight: since the light which was emitted when the jet was farther away took longer to reach the Earth, the time between two successive observations corresponds to a longer time between the instants at which the light rays were emitted.[49]

In models of the expanding universe, the farther galaxies are from each other, the faster they drift apart. This receding is not due to motion through space, but rather to the expansion of space itself.[43] For example, galaxies far away from Earth appear to be moving away from the Earth with a speed proportional to their distances. Beyond a boundary called the Hubble sphere, the rate at which their distance from Earth increases becomes greater than the speed of light.[50]
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OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

fordewind said:
It`s a kindergarten stuf...
More...

??? Which one?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light

Faster-than-light (also superluminal or FTL) communication and travel refer to the propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light. The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass may travel at the speed of light. Tachyons, particles whose speed exceeds that of light, have been hypothesized but the existence of such particles would violate causality and the consensus of physicists is that such particles can not exist.

On the other hand, what some physicists refer to as "apparent" or "effective" FTL[1][2][3][4] depends on the hypothesis that unusually distorted regions of spacetime might permit matter to reach distant locations in less time than light could in normal or undistorted spacetime. According to the current scientific theories, matter is required to travel at subluminally Slower-than-light (also subluminal or STL) speed with respect to the locally distorted spacetime region. Apparent FTL is not excluded by general relativity, however, any Apparent FTL physical plausibility is speculative. Examples of Apparent FTL proposals are the Alcubierre drive and the traversable wormhole.

... ...

Contents

1 FTL travel of non-information
1.1 Daily sky motion
1.2 Light spots and shadows
1.3 Apparent FTL propagation of static field effects
1.4 Closing speeds
1.5 Proper speeds
1.6 Possible distance away from Earth
1.7 Phase velocities above c
1.8 Group velocities above c
1.9 Universal expansion
1.10 Astronomical observations
1.11 Quantum mechanics
1.11.1 Hartman effect
1.11.2 Casimir effect
1.11.3 EPR paradox
1.11.4 Delayed choice quantum eraser
2 Superluminal communication
3 Justifications
3.1 Faster light (Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling)
3.2 Give up (absolute) relativity
3.3 Spacetime distortion
3.4 Heim theory
3.5 Lorentz symmetry violation
3.6 Superfluid theories of physical vacuum
4 Time of flight of neutrinos
4.1 MINOS experiment
4.2 OPERA neutrino anomaly
5 Tachyons
6 Exotic matter
7 General relativity
8 Variable speed of light
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
12.1 Scientific links
12.2 Proposed FTL Methods links
12.3 Science fiction-related links
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OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

Two-dimensional visualization of an Alcubierre drive, showing the opposing regions of expanding and contracting spacetime that displace the central region

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

Experiments
Main articles: Warp-field experiments and White–Juday warp-field interferometer

In 2012, a NASA laboratory announced that they had constructed an interferometer that they claim will detect the spatial distortions produced by the expanding and contracting spacetime of the Alcubierre metric. The work has been described in Warp Field Mechanics 101, a NASA paper by Harold Sonny White.[5][6] Alcubierre has expressed skepticism about the experiment, saying: "from my understanding there is no way it can be done, probably not for centuries if at all".[32]

In 2013, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory published results of a 19.6-second warp field from early Alcubierre-drive tests under vacuum conditions. Results have been reported as "inconclusive".[33]
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OddTrader · Apr 25, 2017

Image of a simulated traversable wormhole that connects the square in front of the physical institutes of University of Tübingen with the sand dunes near Boulogne sur Mer in the north of France. The image is calculated with 4D raytracing in a Morris–Thorne wormhole metric, but the gravitational effects on the wavelength of light have not been simulated.[22]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes

Traversable wormholes

The Casimir effect shows that quantum field theory allows the energy density in certain regions of space to be negative relative to the ordinary vacuum energy, and it has been shown theoretically that quantum field theory allows states where energy can be arbitrarily negative at a given point.[11] Many physicists, such as Stephen Hawking,[12] Kip Thorne[13] and others,[14][15][16] therefore argue that such effects might make it possible to stabilize a traversable wormhole. Physicists have not found any natural process that would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale,[17][18] and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.[19][20] It has also been proposed that, if a tiny wormhole held open by a negative mass cosmic string had appeared around the time of the Big Bang, it could have been inflated to macroscopic size by cosmic inflation.[21]

Lorentzian traversable wormholes would allow travel in both directions from one part of the universe to another part of that same universe very quickly or would allow travel from one universe to another. The possibility of traversable wormholes in general relativity was first demonstrated in a 1973 paper by Homer Ellis[23] and independently in a 1973 paper by K. A. Bronnikov.[24] Ellis thoroughly analyzed the topology and the geodesics of the Ellis drainhole, showing it to be geodesically complete, horizonless, singularity-free, and fully traversable in both directions. The drainhole is a solution manifold of Einstein's field equations for a vacuum space-time, modified by inclusion of a scalar field minimally coupled to the Ricci tensor with antiorthodox polarity (negative instead of positive). (Ellis specifically rejected referring to the scalar field as 'exotic' because of the antiorthodox coupling, finding arguments for doing so unpersuasive.) The solution depends on two parameters: m {\displaystyle m} m, which fixes the strength of its gravitational field, and n {\displaystyle n} n, which determines the curvature of its spatial cross sections. When m {\displaystyle m} m is set equal to 0, the drainhole's gravitational field vanishes. What is left is the Ellis wormhole, a nongravitating, purely geometric, traversable wormhole. Kip Thorne and his graduate student Mike Morris, unaware of the 1973 papers by Ellis and Bronnikov, manufactured, and in 1988 published, a duplicate of the Ellis wormhole for use as a tool for teaching general relativity. For this reason, the type of traversable wormhole they proposed, held open by a spherical shell of exotic matter, was from 1988 to 2015 exclusively referred to in the literature as a Morris–Thorne wormhole. Later, other types of traversable wormholes were discovered as allowable solutions to the equations of general relativity, including a variety analyzed in a 1989 paper by Matt Visser, in which a path through the wormhole can be made where the traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. However, in the pure Gauss–Bonnet gravity (a modification to general relativity involving extra spatial dimensions which is sometimes studied in the context of brane cosmology) exotic matter is not needed in order for wormholes to exist—they can exist even with no matter.[25] A type held open by negative mass cosmic strings was put forth by Visser in collaboration with Cramer et al.,[21] in which it was proposed that such wormholes could have been naturally created in the early universe.

Wormholes connect two points in spacetime, which means that they would in principle allow travel in time, as well as in space. In 1988, Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever worked out explicitly how to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time.[13] However, according to general relativity, it would not be possible to use a wormhole to travel back to a time earlier than when the wormhole was first converted into a time machine by accelerating one of its two mouths.[26]

Raychaudhuri's theorem and exotic matter

To see why exotic matter is required, consider an incoming light front traveling along geodesics, which then crosses the wormhole and re-expands on the other side. The expansion goes from negative to positive. As the wormhole neck is of finite size, we would not expect caustics to develop, at least within the vicinity of the neck. According to the optical Raychaudhuri's theorem, this requires a violation of the averaged null energy condition. Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood of space with zero curvature,[27] but calculations in semiclassical gravity suggest that quantum effects may be able to violate this condition in curved spacetime.[28] Although it was hoped recently that quantum effects could not violate an achronal version of the averaged null energy condition,[29] violations have nevertheless been found,[30] so it remains an open possibility that quantum effects might be used to support a wormhole.

Modified general relativity

In some theories where general relativity is modified, it is possible to have a wormhole that does not collapse without having to resort to exotic matter. For example, this is possible with R^2 gravity, a form of f(R) gravity.[31]

Faster-than-light travel
Further information: Faster-than-light

The impossibility of faster-than-light relative speed only applies locally. Wormholes might allow effective superluminal (faster-than-light) travel by ensuring that the speed of light is not exceeded locally at any time. While traveling through a wormhole, subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds are used. If two points are connected by a wormhole whose length is shorter than the distance between them outside the wormhole, the time taken to traverse it could be less than the time it would take a light beam to make the journey if it took a path through the space outside the wormhole. However, a light beam traveling through the wormhole would of course beat the traveler.
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