States that did an initial lockdown to stop the spread have successfully been opening for weeks.... Only peopel bitching about a lockdown...ironically...are the fucktards who beleived COVID was a hoas, media panic, Democratic strategy and ignroed masks, social distancing and are NOW seeing cases spike and are being FORCED to shut down while many other states are enjoying going out. Raher than choosing a short term voluntary lockdown, many fucktards are now being forced into a longer term lockdown because "Mah rights!". reap what you sow while people in my area are going to restaurants, beaches, stores and gyms with CDC protocols in place.
Accept Fauci recently said our lockdowns were 50% lockdowns and we needed 97%. Many of us were warning our lockdowns were not going to extinguish the virus or beat it. It was told to us that it would shift cases in time... not make it go away. I personally said numerous times Fauci keeps warning of second wave... because our lockdown was not designed to beat the virus. 2. California locked down hard and early. At them moment the reopening is not looking great. We have already had to recycle through shutdowns. Now some of this is because our borders are not sealed and we are taking in covid cases from mexico... which is why I think all policies should be determined by data and science... and the govt has a duty to provide us with transparent data. Really... what the hell was our moron Governor doing shutting down the beaches. We don't really know if that was useful or crazy. Should he not have presented data showing Covid is spreading at the beach? Looking at the spread in San Diego... I would think we should be locking down the border if we are trying to stop cases.
Finally I would like to note... we have no idea if Covid immunity fades because antibody fades. We have posted numerous articles which explain that antibodies are only one part of the the immune response... like this one... https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-immunity-may-rely-on-a-microscopic-helper-t-cells/
That's literally not how vaccines work. There's nothing "engineered" about the immunity. A neutralized form of the virus is injected which causes T-lymphocytes (aka Memory Cells) to respond. The result of this is the memory of the virus is kept so that when the immune system has to respond again it "remembers" it and can attack antigens via B-lymphocytes. Vaccines do not "extend" immunity, they grant immunity for the same period you'd have it if you had just gotten the disease. The difference is "training" your immune system is more cost effective and there's virtually zero risk of death vs. the alternative which is just sending it straight to war. Since COVID-19 mutates so quickly (lending to it's ability to spread rapidly) a vaccine is likely either many years out or completely impossible. The only cure seems to be plasma from survivors but even that doesn't always work.
I think that you need to read up on how modern vaccines work. A lot have changes have occurred since the early days when they simply injected weakened or dead viruses into humans to provide a vaccination. The best reads are detailed articles from scientists on the work they are doing today for COVID. Do you think that Moderna's RNA vaccine is not engineered? Do you think that vaccines / treatments that involve splicing in tobacco plant genes are not engineered?
Blaming anyone besides the govt for this fiasco in America right now.. is very hard to do absent data. The information we have show this virus spreads indoors not outside during normal activity. We pretty much all wear masks indoors. Indoor singing, shouting, talking over music... and open borders seem to be our big risks right now. Govt... is the biggest current issue... fucktardedness is shutting down outdoor activities without showing the data regarding which ones are the big risks. fucktardedness is blaming people for spread when a ton of the current data in many states is showing the virus is coming in from mexico. Fucktardedness is having open borders when you are trying to control a virus. Fucktardedness is pretending a shutdown designed to spread the virus into future months... was doing anything but delaying the spread of the virus.... (data would be nice) If the data shows we can get the virus outside... in significant amounts, shouldn't we have that data? Does it happen at the beach or just with massive crowds shouting or protesting or drinking? I hear it is spreading in some churches in the south... should we ban singing indoors but not outdoors. We need that data to make rational choices and trust the govt. (borders...) Fucktardnesses is not closing the borders (testing and tracing for clusters) True Fucktardness is govt not being ready to test and trace and close down clusters by now... Federal State Local. Successful countries so far have been able to close their borders and trace to avoid clusters.... blanket shutdowns were unnecessary in some countries.
RNA vaccines work just like regular vaccines and confer inmunity through training the immune system. There's nothing "engineered" except in the sense an RNA sequence containing particle is used instead of a virus. The process is 100% the same as a regular vaccine, except marginally safer due to the particle not having the potential to "come alive". The training process is still the same for your immune system. The RNA sequence is picked up and translated which will stimulate the immune system to produce antigen encoded killer (B-lymphocytes) cells. Moreover, there are no RNA vaccines to date that are approved for human use. Maybe you should read up on this stuff? I do appreciate you trying to smugly dismiss me though. Next you'll tell me something you know about quantum physics.
RNA splicing is by definition engineering. I would urge you to go take a look at how modern vaccines work in more detail. There is plenty of material out there. RNA vaccines: an introduction https://www.phgfoundation.org/briefing/rna-vaccines Vaccination is one of the major success stories of modern medicine, greatly reducing the incidence of infectious diseases such as measles, and eradicating others, such as smallpox. Conventional vaccine approaches have not been as effective against rapidly evolving pathogens like influenza or emerging disease threats such as the Ebola or Zika viruses. RNA based vaccines could have an impact in these areas due to their shorter manufacturing times and greater effectiveness. Beyond infectious diseases, RNA vaccines have potential as novel therapeutic options for major diseases such as cancer. Summary Unlike a normal vaccine, RNA vaccines work by introducing an mRNA sequence (the molecule which tells cells what to build) which is coded for a disease specific antigen, once produced within the body, the antigen is recognised by the immune system, preparing it to fight the real thing RNA vaccines are faster and cheaper to produce than traditional vaccines, and a RNA based vaccine is also safer for the patient, as they are not produced using infectious elements Production of RNA vaccines is laboratory based, and the process could be standardised and scaled, allowing quick responses to large outbreaks and epidemics Most current research is into RNA vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer, for which there are several early-stage clinical trials, there is also some early research into the potential of RNA vaccines for allergies There is still a lot of work to be done before mRNA vaccines can become standard treatments, in the meantime, we need a better understanding of their potential side effects, and more evidence of their long term efficacy What are RNA vaccines and how do they work? Conventional vaccines usually contain inactivated disease-causing organisms or proteins made by the pathogen (antigens), which work by mimicking the infectious agent. They stimulate the body’s immune response, so it is primed to respond more rapidly and effectively if exposed to the infectious agent in the future. RNA vaccines use a different approach that takes advantage of the process that cells use to make proteins: cells use DNA as the template to make messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated to build proteins. An RNA vaccine consists of an mRNA strand that codes for a disease-specific antigen. Once the mRNA strand in the vaccine is inside the body’s cells, the cells use the genetic information to produce the antigen. This antigen is then displayed on the cell surface, where it is recognised by the immune system. How are RNA vaccines produced and administered? A major advantage of RNA vaccines is that RNA can be produced in the laboratory from a DNA template using readily available materials, less expensively and faster than conventional vaccine production, which can require the use of chicken eggs or other mammalian cells. RNA vaccines can be delivered using a number of methods: via needle-syringe injections or needle-free into the skin; via injection into the blood, muscle, lymph node or directly into organs; or via a nasal spray. The optimal route for vaccine delivery is not yet known. The exact manufacturing and delivery process of RNA vaccines can vary depending on the type. Types of RNA vaccine Non-replicating mRNA The simplest type of RNA vaccine, an mRNA strand is packaged and delivered to the body, where it is taken up by the body’s cells to make the antigen. In vivo self-replicating mRNA The pathogen-mRNA strand is packaged with additional RNA strands that ensure it will be copied once the vaccine is inside a cell. This means that greater quantities of the antigen are made from a smaller amount of vaccine, helping to ensure a more robust immune response. In vitro dendritic cell non-replicating mRNA vaccine Dendritic cells are immune cells that can present antigens on their cell surface to other types of immune cells to help stimulate an immune response. These cells are extracted from the patient’s blood, transfected with the RNA vaccine, then given back to the patient to stimulate an immune reaction. Benefits Benefits of mRNA vaccines over conventional approaches are1: Safety: RNA vaccines are not made with pathogen particles or inactivated pathogen, so are non-infectious. RNA does not integrate itself into the host genome and the RNA strand in the vaccine is degraded once the protein is made. Efficacy: early clinical trial results indicate that these vaccines generate a reliable immune response and are well-tolerated by healthy individuals, with few side effects. Production: vaccines can be produced more rapidly in the laboratory in a process that can be standardised, which improves responsiveness to emerging outbreaks. Important challenges The methods to make mRNA vaccines can be very effective. However, there are technical challenges to overcome to ensure these vaccines work appropriately: Unintended effects: the mRNA strand in the vaccine may elicit an unintended immune reaction. To minimise this the mRNA vaccine sequences are designed to mimic those produced by mammalian cells. Delivery: delivering the vaccine effectively to cells is challenging since free RNA in the body is quickly broken down. To help achieve delivery, the RNA strand is incorporated into a larger molecule to help stabilise it and/or packaged into particles or liposomes. Storage: many RNA vaccines, like conventional vaccines, need to be frozen or refrigerated. Work is ongoing to reliably produce vaccines that can be stored outside the cold chain, since these will be much more suitable for use in countries with limited or no refrigeration facilities. How could RNA vaccines be used for human health? The most active areas of research into RNA vaccines are infectious diseases and cancer where there is research ongoing as well as early-stage clinical trials. Work into the use of RNA vaccines to treat allergy is still at the early research stage2. Infectious diseases Researchers using conventional approaches have struggled to develop effective vaccines against a number of pathogens, particularly viruses, that cause both acute (Influenza, Ebola, Zika) and chronic (HIV-1, herpes simplex virus) infection. RNA vaccines are being explored as a way to more rapidly and cheaply produce vaccines for these diseases, particularly in response to emerging outbreaks. Clinical trials have been carried out or are ongoing on mRNA vaccines for influenza, cytomegalovirus, HIV-1, rabies and Zika virus. Case study: A recent study3 explored the use of programmable self-replicating RNA vaccines, delivered in a nanoparticle, for a range of infectious diseases including Ebola virus, H1N1 Influenza and Toxoplasma gondii, which were effective in mice. These vaccines can be manufactured in approximately one week and made against a range of diseases, demonstrating potential terms of swift response to disease outbreaks. (Much more at above url)
Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035 Abstract Vaccines are considered to be one of the greatest public health achievements of the last century. Depending on the biology of the infection, the disease to be prevented, and the targeted population, a vaccine may require the induction of different adaptive immune mechanisms to be effective. Understanding the basic concepts of different vaccines is therefore crucial to understand their mode of action, benefits, risks, and their potential real-life impact on protection. This review aims to provide healthcare professionals with background information about the main vaccine designs and concepts of protection in a simplified way to improve their knowledge and understanding, and increase their confidence in the science of vaccination (Supplementary Material). KEY MESSAGE Different vaccine designs, each with different advantages and limitations, can be applied for protection against a particular disease. Vaccines may contain live-attenuated pathogens, inactivated pathogens, or only parts of pathogens and may also contain adjuvants to stimulate the immune responses. This review explains the mode of action, benefits, risks and real-life impact of vaccines by highlighting key vaccine concepts. An improved knowledge and understanding of the main vaccine designs and concepts of protection will help support the appropriate use and expectations of vaccines, increase confidence in the science of vaccination, and help reduce vaccine hesitancy. 1. Introduction Vaccines are one of the greatest public health achievements of the last century and are estimated to save 2–3 million lives each year [1]. They have successfully eradicated smallpox and have greatly reduced the incidence of several major diseases such as polio and measles [1,2]. Licensed vaccines are now available to prevent over 30 different infectious diseases, several of which can be combined into single vaccines or administered at a single vaccination visit [1]. In this review, we highlight the different vaccine designs and illustrate them through various examples to give non-experts a basic understanding of vaccines and concepts of prevention. 1.1. What is the aim of vaccination? The aim of vaccination is to induce a protective immune response to the targeted pathogen without the risk of acquiring the disease and its potential complications. 1.2. How do vaccines work? Vaccines, like natural infections, act by initiating an innate immune response, which in turn activates an antigen-specific adaptive immune response [3]. Innate immunity is the first line of defence against pathogens that have entered the body. It is established within a few hours but is not specific for a particular pathogen and has no memory [4]. Adaptive immunity provides a second line of defence, generally at a later stage of infection, characterized by an extraordinarily diverse set of lymphocytes and antibodies able to recognize and eliminate virtually all known pathogens. Each pathogen (or vaccine) expresses (or contains) antigens that induce cell-mediated immunity by activating highly specific subsets of T lymphocytes and humoral immunity by stimulating B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies [3]. After elimination of the pathogen, the adaptive immune system generally establishes immunological memory. This immunological memory – the basis of long-term protection and the goal of vaccination – is characterized by the persistence of antibodies and the generation of memory cells that can rapidly reactivate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen [3]. 1.3. What you need to know about vaccine design and concepts? Vaccine design has made significant advances in the last century, evolving from serendipity to a more rational design due to advances in understanding immunological mechanisms and technology [1]. Depending on the biology of the infection and the disease to be prevented, a vaccine may require the induction of different humoral (i.e. antibodies) or cell-mediated (i.e. T cells) adaptive immune mechanisms to be effective. Understanding the mode of action of vaccines is therefore important to predict their efficacy, their safety profile, and their expected benefit for the vaccinated individuals and the general population. Although vaccines are mostly seen as tools for individual protection, vaccines can also protect unvaccinated populations by reducing the rate of person-to-person transmission and limiting the risk for individuals to be exposed. This indirect protection, called herd or community protection, requires that a large portion of the population (75–95% depending on the disease), or a special group that plays a key role in transmission of the disease, is vaccinated [5,6]. Herd protection is often essential for the success of vaccination programs, such as for measles [7]. Similarly, vaccination of pregnant women can also indirectly protect infants in their first months of life through transfer of maternal antibodies from the mother to the foetus across the placenta [8]. This concept has been successfully established for tetanus, influenza and pertussis [8]. In contrast to the generally well-known pharmacological effects of different drugs, the differences between vaccine types are also important but less well understood by many healthcare providers. Different vaccines targeting the same pathogen can rely on very different concepts (Figure 1), each having advantages and limitations (Table 1). Choosing a particular vaccine therefore can depend on several factors such as the level of protection, the expected mode of action, the characteristics of the subject, or the disease elimination strategy. Many healthcare providers have not received sufficient education on vaccines, which could contribute to vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers or patients [9]. Figure 1. Different types of vaccines. Vaccines can be produced using different processes. Vaccines may contain live attenuated pathogens (usually viruses), inactivated whole pathogens, toxoids (an inactivated form of the toxin produced by bacteria that causes the disease), or parts of the pathogens (e.g. natural or recombinant proteins, polysaccharides, conjugated polysaccharide or virus-like particles). (Much more at above url -- including detailed discussion of all the vaccine types)