It seems we know quite well the knowable and observable! Apparently we've just started to learn/study how much we Don't even know Yet about the not-yet-knowable and not-yet-observable by today! Q https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct, the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe. The mass–energy of dark matter and ordinary (baryonic) matter contribute 26.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount. Estimated distribution of matter and energy in the universe[22] Cosmic microwave background The existence of dark energy, in whatever form, is needed to reconcile the measured geometry of space with the total amount of matter in the universe. Measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies indicate that the universe is close to flat. For the shape of the universe to be flat, the mass/energy density of the universe must be equal to the critical density. The total amount of matter in the universe (including baryons and dark matter), as measured from the CMB spectrum, accounts for only about 30% of the critical density. This implies the existence of an additional form of energy to account for the remaining 70%.[19] The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) spacecraft seven-year analysis estimated a universe made up of 72.8% dark energy, 22.7% dark matter and 4.5% ordinary matter.[4] Work done in 2013 based on the Planck spacecraft observations of the CMB gave a more accurate estimate of 68.3% of dark energy, 26.8% of dark matter and 4.9% of ordinary matter.[23] UQ
Think of dark matter as the magnet, and dark energy as the magnetism, albeit it magnetism in reverse as it's pushing not pulling. Point is you can't see the magnetism, and in the case of dark matter you can't see that either as you would see the magnet.
Maybe the boffins have got their sums wrong ? But no-one can disprove their theories other than the result doesn't add up. If our sun burns off millions of tonnes a second then perhaps that where some of it went in 14 billion years ?
An important yet-missing link: The Meaning of Life in a Developing Universe John Stewart 324 What and that Humans do: Participating in the Meaning of life, a Contributor's Critique Commentary by Franc Rottiers 341 Analysis of Some Speculations Concerning the Far-Future of Intelligent Civilizations Commentary by Clément Vidal 344 The Future of Life and What it Means for Humanity Response by John Stewart 349 Q http://evodevouniverse.com/wiki/Conference_2008 First International Conference on the Evolution and Development of the Universe Wed - Thu, 8 - 9 October 2008, Paris, France Host Institution: Ecole Normale Supérieure, in collaboration with ECCO, the Evolution, Complexity and Cognition group and CLEA, the Center Leo Apostelat the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Click for a Silhouette Picture, With Attendee Names Contents 1 Publication content 2 Scientific Committee 3 Submission Options 4 Research Questions and Themes 5 Important Dates 6 Keynote Speakers 7 Program 8 Organizing Committee 9 Venue 10 Fees 11 Lodging and Transport 12 Registration 13 www.regonline.com/EDU2008 14 Contact Evo Devo Universe is a global scholarly research community exploring and critiquing models, hypotheses, and questions relating to the extent and interaction of evolutionary (or quasi-evolutionary) and developmental (or quasi-developmental) processes in the universe and its subsystems. EDU 2008 provides an opportunity for those working across these topics to get together and exchange ideas, results and resources. The conference will present and discuss a selection of current work in the field, highlight new directions for investigation and provide small group and open space time for special interest group interaction and collaboration. Publication content The full EDU 2008 Special Issue, with commentaries and responses (4mb). Contributions are available for download separately from the table of contents below. The Evolution and Development of the Universe. 355 pages, Foundations of Science, Special Issue of the Conference on the Evolution and Development of the Universe, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 8-9 Oct., 2008. Preface 5 List of contributors 7 Introduction, (DOI) 9 Acknowledgements 14 Part I - Physics and Cosmology Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time: Theory and Applications, (DOI) Laurent Nottale 15 Scale Relativity: an Extended Paradigm for Physics and Biology? Commentary by Charles Auffray and Denis Noble 80 Multiscale Integration in Scale Relativity Theory Response by Laurent Nottale 83 The Self-organization of Time and Causality: steps towards understanding the ultimate origin, (DOI) Francis Heylighen 87 Symmetries and Symmetry-breakings: the fabric of physical interactions and the flow of time Commentary by Giuseppe Longo 100 Symmetry, Potentiality and Reversibility Response by Francis Heylighen 102 The Role of Energy Conservation and Vacuum Energy in the Evolution of the Universe, (DOI) Jan Greben 104 Anthropomorphic Quantum Darwinism as an explanation for Classicality, Thomas Durt 131 On definitions of Information in Physics Commentary by Nicolás Lori 154 Competing Definitions of Information versus Entropy in Physics Response by Thomas Durt 157 Application of Quantum Darwinism to Cosmic Inflation: an example of the limits imposed in Aristotelian logic by information-based approach to Gödel’s incompleteness Nicolás Lori and Alex Blin 160 Part II – Biology Towards a Hierarchical Definition of Life, the Organism, and Death Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis 169 The Issue of "Closure" in Jagers op Akkerhuis's Operator Theory Commentary by Nico van Straalen 186 Definitions of Life are not only Unnecessary, but they can do Harm to Understanding Commentary by Rob Hengeveld 188 Explaining the Origin of Life is not enough for a Definition of Life Response by Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis 190 Complexity and Evolution:a study of the growth of complexity in organic and cultural evolution Börje Ekstig 193 Does Species Evolution Follow Scale Laws ? First Applications of the Scale Relativity Theory to Fossil and Living-beings Jean Chaline 212 Part III - Philosophy and Big Questions Development (and Evolution) of the Universe Stanley Salthe 248 Must Complex Systems Theory Be Materialistic? Commentary by Horace Fairlamb 260 Friends of Wisdom? Commentary by Gertrudis Van de Vijver 263 Materialism: Replies to Comments from Readers Response by Stanley Salthe 266 Possible Implications of the Quantum Theory of Gravity:An Introduction to the Meduso-Anthropic Principle Louis Crane 269 Two Purposes of Black Hole Production Commentary by Clément Vidal 274 From Philosophy to Engineering Response by Louis Crane 277 Computational and Biological Analogies for Understanding Fine-Tuned Parameters in Physics Clément Vidal 280 On the Nature of Initial Conditions and Fundamental Parameters in Physics and Cosmology Commentary by Jan Greben 305 Cosmological Artificial Selection: Creation out of something? Commentary by Rüdiger Vaas 307 Fine-tuning, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmological Artificial Selection Response by Clément Vidal 310 The Meaning of Life in a Developing Universe John Stewart 324 What and that Humans do: Participating in the Meaning of life, a Contributor's Critique Commentary by Franc Rottiers 341 Analysis of Some Speculations Concerning the Far-Future of Intelligent Civilizations Commentary by Clément Vidal 344 The Future of Life and What it Means for Humanity Response by John Stewart 349 Scientific Committee James N. Gardner, complexity theorist with a background in philosophy and theoretical biology. (Portland, OR, USA) Carlos Gershenson, complexity theorist studying self-organization, evolution, ALife, and cognition. (Boston, MA, USA) Richard Gordon, embryologist and theoretical biologist exploring development, genetics, and evolution. (Manitoba, Canada) Francis Heylighen, systems theorist and cyberneticist focusing on the evolution of complexity. (Brussels, Belgium) David Holcman, mathematician and computational biologist modeling microstructures in biological systems. (Paris, France) Laurent Nottale, cosmologist and pioneering theorist in scale relativity and fractal space-time. (Paris, France) John Smart, systems theorist studying accelerating change and evolutionary development. (Mountain View, CA, USA) Clement Vidal, philosopher and systems theorist studying evolutionary cosmology. (Brussels, Belgium) Peter Winiwarter, transdisciplinary researcher in complex systems, neural networks and evolution. (Boursay, France) Submission Options Extended Abstracts and Papers are the two options for initial submission to the scientific committee, to be considered for conference presentation. Please use the online submission system to upload your abstract or paper. Extended Abstracts are 500-1000 words (with brief References, not included in the word count). Papers are 5000-15000 words, with a brief (100-500 word) Abstract and References (both not included in word count). You will be notified by August 15th whether your abstract or paper are accepted. If your abstract/paper is accepted, you will have until September 29th to write the paper (abstract accepted) or do any recommended improvements (paper accepted). All those who are accepted are expected to attend the conference to present their papers and to receive in-person feedback. There are no conference fees for presenters, but lodging (a conference hotel is available) and travel costs are your own. Partial lodging dispensation funds may be available for some presenters, please apply only as needed. Research Questions and Themes Abstracts and papers considering evolutionary or developmental aspects of the universe and its subsystems are welcome in areas including: cosmology, biology, complexity theory, nonlinear mathematics, information theory, computer science, systems theory, philosophy, culture studies, and related disciplines. Please review Research Questions to understand the scope and focus of research questions in the EDU community. Papers are significantly more likely to be accepted if they clearly address one (or more) of these general questions. Papers may address any of the following topical Themes, with implications for the universe as a system. Anthropic bias and observer selection effects. Anthropic, fine-tuning, and multiverse/ensemble models in cosmology. Acceleration studies at the universe and subsystem scales. Astrobiology, Fermi paradox, and SETI. Complexity, emergence, ergodicity, and nonlinear science models with organic and computational features. Computational and artificial life inspired models and analogies applied at the universe and subsystem scales. Cosmology with organic features, such as cosmological natural selection (CNS) and CNS with intelligence (CNS-I). Directionality, macrodevelopment, and convergent evolution in biological systems. Evolutionary and developmental processes in evo-devo and theoretical biology. Evolutionary and developmental processes in non-biological systems (physical, chemical, cultural, technological). Hierarchy theory, modularity, and self-organization at the universe and subsystem scales. Information theory of evolution and development, intelligence theory at the universe and subsystem scales. Network theory and neural networks as a paradigm to explain self-organization of complex networks. Non-equilibrium dissipative structures at the universe and subsystem scales. Philosophy and systems theory with organic and computational features at the universe and subsystem scales. Philosophical and epistemological status of cosmological and speculative theories. Probability distributions, power laws, and statistical predictability at the universe and subsystem scales. Scale relativity, scale invariance and self-similarity models at the universe and subsystem scales. Self-reference, iteration, and recursion models at the universe and subsystem scales. Systems models relating physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and technological (PCBCT) subsystems Themes outside the scope of the conference and its community: Non-naturalistic orthogenesis or teleology, intelligent design, supernaturalism, and theology. Important Dates 30th July – Deadline for the submission of initial abstracts and paper proposals (extended from 15 July). 15th August – Notification of acceptance (accepted abstracts to be expanded to papers after 15 August) 29th September – Deadline for the receipt of final papers 8-9 October – EDU 2008 Conference, Paris, France. Keynote Speakers James N. Gardner, a complexity theorist and science essayist, with a background in philosophy and theoretical biology. Francis Heylighen, a systems theorist and cyberneticist focusing on the evolution of complexity. Laurent Nottale, a cosmologist and pioneering theorist in scale relativity and fractal space-time. John Smart, a systems theorist and scholar of accelerating change. John Stewart, an evolutionary thinker, author and evolutionary activist. Clement Vidal, a philosopher and systems theorist studying evolutionary cosmology. Program Please see the EDU 2008 Conference Program Page for the detailed daily agenda, and the PDF Program Guide with conference abstracts. EDU 2008 is two days of presentations and Q&A, panel Q&A, coffee breaks and catered lunch, afternoon special interest groups and open space activities, and optional offsite no-host dinners and after-dinner conversation. List of talks: An Algorithmic Info Theory Approach to Emergence of Order Using Simple Replication Models, Sean Devine (Abstract|Slides) Application of Quantum Darwinism to Cosmic Inflation, Nicolas Lori, Alex Blin (Abstract|Slides Private) Are Particles Self-Organized Systems?, Vladimir Manasson (Abstract|Slides) Complex-Dynamic Cosmology and Emergent World Structure, Andrei Kirilyuk (Abstract|Slides) Complexity and Evolution, Börje Ekstig (Abstract|Slides) Complexity and Energy Density in Big History, Fred Spier (Abstract|Slides)' Computational and Biological Analogies for Understanding the Fine-Tuning of Parameters in Physics, Clément Vidal (Abstract|Slides) Does Species Evolution Follow Scale Laws ? An App. of the Scale Relativity Theory to Fossil Living Beings, Jean Chaline (Abstract|Slides Private) Evo Devo Universe? A Framework for Speculations on Cosmic Culture, John Smart (Abstract|Slides) Foundations of Physics, Tom Gehrels (Abstract|Slides) Information Organization and Knowledge Evolution: The Case of Pharmaceutical Innovations, Carl Henning Reschke (Abstract|Not Presented) Integration as a Fundamental Process in Cosmic Evolution and Science Development, Kris Roose (Abstract|Slides) Quantum Mechanics and Environment-Induced Superselection Rules, Thomas Durt (Abstract|Slides) Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time: Theory and Applications, Laurent Nottale (Abstract|Audio1(55min)|Slides) The Meaning of Life in a Developing Universe, John Stewart (Abstract|No Slides) The Role of Energy Conservation and Vacuum Energy in the Evolution of the Universe, Jan Greben (Abstract|Slides) The String Landscape as Genetic Alphabet: The Subtle Virtues of a Non-Unique Cosmic Code, James N. Gardner (Abstract|Slides) Towards a Hierarchical Definition of Life, the Organism, and Death, Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis (Abstract|Slides Private) Universal Evolutionary Hierarchy: A Unified Network Approach, Peter Winiwarter (Abstract|Website) Pre-prints of these papers are available for download in the Files section of EDU-Talk listserve. If you are a scholar interested in these issues, and/or will be a presenter or attendee at EDU 2008, please complete the very brief seven question EDU-Talk Subscription Form to join EDU-Talk and download presenter's papers. Organizing Committee Alain Prochiantz (chair), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris Clément Vidal, Vrije Universiteit Brussel John Smart, Acceleration Studies Foundation Arnaud Blanchard, Feelix Growing Research Group Organized in collaboration with the Evolution, Complexity and Cognition group (ECCO) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. UQ
To understand it, it helps to look at how they were discovered. If you look at all the matter in a galaxy, and you measure its rotational spin, you quickly come to the conclusion that there is not enough matter in the galaxy to keep the outer most stars from flying out into space. This is how people came to the conclusion that there must be some extra matter gluing the galaxy together. Since we cannot see it, it cannot be ordinary matter since it does not interact with known particles except gravitationally. From wiki: "..Such arguments are usually based on dimensional analysis and effective field theory. If the universe is described by an effective local quantum field theory down to the Planck scale, then we would expect a cosmological constant of the order of . As noted above, the measured cosmological constant is smaller than this by a factor of 10^−120. This discrepancy has been called "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics!".[15]" Dark Energy is far more mysterious and it is seen only on enormous scales. If you look at the red shift of galaxies, you quickly come to the conclusion that the farther a galaxy is from us the faster it is receding. We don't understand what is pushing galaxies apart at this rate and we posit that there is something we don't understand that is happening. Since we are ignorant, we call it dark energy. Very interesting is how Penrose uses the consequences of DE to create cyclic "big bangs". I linked to it here on ET (scroll down): "Seeing through the big bang". I suggest you explore these two concepts because they are two important candidates for explanations of DE. Cosmological Constant: Dubbed as the 'cost of having space', the cosmological constant, first introduced by Einstein to create a static universe model, and later rejected as a blunder, it is back in vogue again as vacuum energy or the energy contained within vacuum. However, this value turns out to be smaller than what is required to explain the acceleration. It has negative pressure and is used in the Lambda-CDM model to explain expansion. Quintessence: Unlike the cosmological constant, quintessence is a light scalar field that varies through spacetime, incapable of clumping to form matter. It has been modeled in various ways to explain the known properties of dark energy.
Spanish Scientists Create Magnetic Wormhole "A team of physicists at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, has constructed and experimentally demonstrated a magnetic wormhole – an object that allows electromagnetic wave propagation between two points in space through an invisible tunnel...." http://www.sci-news.com/physics/science-magnetic-wormhole-03207.html
If we are really able to crate and use stable wormholes, money will be meaningless. Still, it is fun to speculate that the above has implications for HFT. Imagine creating a stable wormhole between the CME and NJ, London/NY, Hong Kong etc, to send electromagnetic data. The latency would be measured in pico-seconds.
If you look at all the matter in a galaxy, and you measure its rotational spin, you quickly come to the conclusion that there is not enough matter in the galaxy to keep the outer most stars from flying out into space. This is how people came to the conclusion that there must be some extra matter gluing the galaxy together. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The latest theories say that the Universe is expanding at an increasing rate.
http://www.elitetrader.com/et/index...ts-spooky-action-is-real.295386/#post-4198735 Also check below: " In Smolin’s terms, quantum mechanics is merely 'a theory of subsystems of the universe'. " ... " What holds true in that thought problem holds true for every object in the real world: the behaviour of each part is inextricably related to that of every other part. If you’ve ever felt as if you wanted to be a part of something big, well, this is the right kind of physics for you. It is also, Smolin thinks, a promising way to obtain bigger answers about how nature really works, across all scales. " ... " By pushing at the bounds of understanding, Hogan and Smolin are helping the field of physics make that connection. They are nudging it toward reconciliation not just between quantum mechanics and general relativity, but between idea and perception. The next great theory of physics will undoubtedly lead to beautiful new mathematics and unimaginable new technologies. But the best thing it can do is create deeper meaning that connects back to us, the observers, who get to define ourselves as the fundamental scale of the universe. "